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The chemical composition of shallow-water hydrothermal fluids in Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea and their effect on ambient seawater

Identifieur interne : 000241 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000240; suivant : 000242

The chemical composition of shallow-water hydrothermal fluids in Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea and their effect on ambient seawater

Auteurs : Thomas Pichler ; Jan Veizer ; Gwendy E. M Hall

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:01FF7B1F42B55C25F8C1B7D63B32D2F00D4481E1

Descripteurs français

English descriptors

Abstract

Abstract: Submarine, hydrothermal venting occurs at Tutum Bay in shallow (5–10 m) water along the inner shelf that contains a patchy distribution of coral–algal reefs. Two types of venting are observed. (1) Focused discharge of a clear, two-phase fluid from discrete orifices, 10–15 cm in diameter. Discharge temperatures are between 89 and 98°C and estimated flow rates are as high as 300 to 400 l/min. (2) Dispersed or diffuse discharge that consists of streams of gas bubbles ubiquitous in the area. The composition of the gas is mainly CO2 (92.6–97.9%) with minor amounts of N2 (2.2–4.7%), O2 (0.43–0.73%), CH4 (0.6–2%) and He (∼0.01–0.02%). Based on their geographic position and chemical composition, the vents have been divided into two groups, A and B. Area B vents have higher K, Rb, Sb, Cs, Tl, and As and lower Ca, Li, Mn, Fe, and Sr concentrations. Their chemical difference is likely caused by subsurface mixing of a CO2-rich water with a deep reservoir neutral chloride fluid in varying proportions. A two- or possibly three-step process controls fluid evolution and final chemical composition: (1) phase separation in the deep reservoir beneath Ambitle Island produces a high temperature vapor that rises upward and subsequently reacts with cooler ground water to form a low pH, CO2-rich water of approximately 150–160°C. (2) The steep topography causes lateral movement of this CO2-rich fluid towards the margin of the hydrothermal system where it mixes with the marginal upflow from the deep reservoir. This produces a dilute chloride water of approximately 165°C. A third step may be the entrainment of minor amounts of ground or seawater during its final ascent. Based on a B–Rb/Cs mixing model, it has been estimated that approximately 10% of the deep reservoir fluid reaches the surface. Compared to seawater, the hydrothermal fluids are depleted in Cl, Br, SO4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Sr and enriched in HCO3, B, Si, Li, Mn, Fe, Rb, Cs, Sb, Tl and As. Although some elements are significantly enriched, they do not have a clear impact on ambient seawater composition because their concentration is buffered by mixing and uptake into secondary minerals. Only the surface water in Tutum Bay carries a clear imprint of the hydrothermal fluids.

Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00076-0


Affiliations:


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Le document en format XML

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<term>Absorption spectrometry</term>
<term>Acid sulfate</term>
<term>Ambient</term>
<term>Ambient seawater</term>
<term>Ambient seawater composition</term>
<term>Ambitle</term>
<term>Ambitle island</term>
<term>American shale</term>
<term>Analytical error</term>
<term>Analytical uncertainty</term>
<term>Arsenic</term>
<term>Ascent</term>
<term>Atmospheric pressure</term>
<term>Australasian institute</term>
<term>Bicarbonate</term>
<term>Bicarbonate water</term>
<term>Bicarbonate waters</term>
<term>Boron</term>
<term>Boron concentration</term>
<term>Bottom water</term>
<term>Chemical analyses</term>
<term>Chemical composition</term>
<term>Chemical compositions</term>
<term>Chemical geothermometers</term>
<term>Chloride water</term>
<term>Chloride water fractions</term>
<term>Clear impact</term>
<term>Coastal submarine hydrothermal activity</term>
<term>Conservative behavior</term>
<term>Contour lines</term>
<term>Cooler ground water</term>
<term>Correlation coefficient</term>
<term>Correlation coefficients</term>
<term>Cosmochimica acta</term>
<term>Darker colors</term>
<term>Deep reservoir</term>
<term>Deep reservoir conditions</term>
<term>Deep reservoir equilibrium</term>
<term>Deep reservoir fluid</term>
<term>Deionized water</term>
<term>Diffuse discharge</term>
<term>Distinct groups</term>
<term>Economic geology</term>
<term>Elsevier science</term>
<term>Endmember</term>
<term>Endmember concentrations</term>
<term>Equilibrium temperatures</term>
<term>Feni islands</term>
<term>Final ascent</term>
<term>Final chemical composition</term>
<term>Fluid</term>
<term>Fluid composition</term>
<term>Fluid evolution</term>
<term>Flux measurements</term>
<term>Formation waters</term>
<term>Fournier</term>
<term>Geochemistry</term>
<term>Geographic position</term>
<term>Geological society</term>
<term>Geophysical research</term>
<term>Geothermal</term>
<term>Geothermal areas</term>
<term>Geothermal research council transactions</term>
<term>Geothermal system</term>
<term>Geothermal systems</term>
<term>Geothermal vapors</term>
<term>Geothermometers</term>
<term>Giggenbach</term>
<term>Gold coast</term>
<term>Good agreement</term>
<term>High degree</term>
<term>High density polyethylene bottles</term>
<term>High temperature</term>
<term>High temperature vapor</term>
<term>Higher hydrothermal component</term>
<term>Higher values</term>
<term>Hydrothermal</term>
<term>Hydrothermal alteration</term>
<term>Hydrothermal component</term>
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<term>Hydrothermal fluids</term>
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<term>Hydrothermal system</term>
<term>Hydrothermal systems</term>
<term>Hydrothermal venting</term>
<term>Hydrothermal vents</term>
<term>Individual vents</term>
<term>Inner shelf</term>
<term>Kapkai</term>
<term>Lateral flow</term>
<term>Linear regression</term>
<term>Linear regression analysis</term>
<term>Linear regression lines</term>
<term>Lower temperatures</term>
<term>Marginal upflow</term>
<term>Marine chemistry</term>
<term>Marine environment</term>
<term>Meteoric</term>
<term>Meteoric origin</term>
<term>Meteoric water</term>
<term>Mineralogical association</term>
<term>Minor amounts</term>
<term>Mmol</term>
<term>More details</term>
<term>Nark</term>
<term>Narli temperatures</term>
<term>Nicholson</term>
<term>Northern baja california</term>
<term>Orifice</term>
<term>Papua</term>
<term>Patchy distribution</term>
<term>Pattern geometry</term>
<term>Phase separation</term>
<term>Physicochemical conditions</term>
<term>Pichler</term>
<term>Planetary science letters</term>
<term>Rare earth elements</term>
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<term>Reservoir temperatures</term>
<term>Sampling vents</term>
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<term>Seawater composition</term>
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<term>Shallow processes</term>
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<term>Silica concentration</term>
<term>Simple mass balance equation</term>
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<term>Solute</term>
<term>Steep topography</term>
<term>Submarine hydrothermal activity</term>
<term>Submarine hydrothermal system</term>
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<term>Subsurface flow direction</term>
<term>Subsurface processes</term>
<term>Surface water</term>
<term>Surface waters</term>
<term>Thermal areas</term>
<term>Third step</term>
<term>Thomas pichler</term>
<term>Total alkalinity</term>
<term>Trace elements</term>
<term>Tracer</term>
<term>Trivalent state</term>
<term>Tutum</term>
<term>Upper boundary</term>
<term>Vent</term>
<term>Vent fluids</term>
<term>Vent orifice</term>
<term>Vent orifices</term>
<term>Vent portals</term>
<term>Vent samples</term>
<term>Vent sites</term>
<term>Vent waters</term>
<term>Venting</term>
<term>Volcanic</term>
<term>Volcanic rocks</term>
<term>Vulcano island</term>
<term>Waramung</term>
<term>Water depth</term>
<term>Water vapor</term>
<term>West side</term>
<term>White island</term>
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<keywords scheme="Teeft" xml:lang="en">
<term>2rhe ratios</term>
<term>Absorption spectrometry</term>
<term>Acid sulfate</term>
<term>Ambient</term>
<term>Ambient seawater</term>
<term>Ambient seawater composition</term>
<term>Ambitle</term>
<term>Ambitle island</term>
<term>American shale</term>
<term>Analytical error</term>
<term>Analytical uncertainty</term>
<term>Arsenic</term>
<term>Ascent</term>
<term>Atmospheric pressure</term>
<term>Australasian institute</term>
<term>Bicarbonate</term>
<term>Bicarbonate water</term>
<term>Bicarbonate waters</term>
<term>Boron</term>
<term>Boron concentration</term>
<term>Bottom water</term>
<term>Chemical analyses</term>
<term>Chemical composition</term>
<term>Chemical compositions</term>
<term>Chemical geothermometers</term>
<term>Chloride water</term>
<term>Chloride water fractions</term>
<term>Clear impact</term>
<term>Coastal submarine hydrothermal activity</term>
<term>Conservative behavior</term>
<term>Contour lines</term>
<term>Cooler ground water</term>
<term>Correlation coefficient</term>
<term>Correlation coefficients</term>
<term>Cosmochimica acta</term>
<term>Darker colors</term>
<term>Deep reservoir</term>
<term>Deep reservoir conditions</term>
<term>Deep reservoir equilibrium</term>
<term>Deep reservoir fluid</term>
<term>Deionized water</term>
<term>Diffuse discharge</term>
<term>Distinct groups</term>
<term>Economic geology</term>
<term>Elsevier science</term>
<term>Endmember</term>
<term>Endmember concentrations</term>
<term>Equilibrium temperatures</term>
<term>Feni islands</term>
<term>Final ascent</term>
<term>Final chemical composition</term>
<term>Fluid</term>
<term>Fluid composition</term>
<term>Fluid evolution</term>
<term>Flux measurements</term>
<term>Formation waters</term>
<term>Fournier</term>
<term>Geochemistry</term>
<term>Geographic position</term>
<term>Geological society</term>
<term>Geophysical research</term>
<term>Geothermal</term>
<term>Geothermal areas</term>
<term>Geothermal research council transactions</term>
<term>Geothermal system</term>
<term>Geothermal systems</term>
<term>Geothermal vapors</term>
<term>Geothermometers</term>
<term>Giggenbach</term>
<term>Gold coast</term>
<term>Good agreement</term>
<term>High degree</term>
<term>High density polyethylene bottles</term>
<term>High temperature</term>
<term>High temperature vapor</term>
<term>Higher hydrothermal component</term>
<term>Higher values</term>
<term>Hydrothermal</term>
<term>Hydrothermal alteration</term>
<term>Hydrothermal component</term>
<term>Hydrothermal component concentration</term>
<term>Hydrothermal discharge</term>
<term>Hydrothermal fluid</term>
<term>Hydrothermal fluids</term>
<term>Hydrothermal precipitates</term>
<term>Hydrothermal system</term>
<term>Hydrothermal systems</term>
<term>Hydrothermal venting</term>
<term>Hydrothermal vents</term>
<term>Individual vents</term>
<term>Inner shelf</term>
<term>Kapkai</term>
<term>Lateral flow</term>
<term>Linear regression</term>
<term>Linear regression analysis</term>
<term>Linear regression lines</term>
<term>Lower temperatures</term>
<term>Marginal upflow</term>
<term>Marine chemistry</term>
<term>Marine environment</term>
<term>Meteoric</term>
<term>Meteoric origin</term>
<term>Meteoric water</term>
<term>Mineralogical association</term>
<term>Minor amounts</term>
<term>Mmol</term>
<term>More details</term>
<term>Nark</term>
<term>Narli temperatures</term>
<term>Nicholson</term>
<term>Northern baja california</term>
<term>Orifice</term>
<term>Papua</term>
<term>Patchy distribution</term>
<term>Pattern geometry</term>
<term>Phase separation</term>
<term>Physicochemical conditions</term>
<term>Pichler</term>
<term>Planetary science letters</term>
<term>Rare earth elements</term>
<term>Reservoir temperature</term>
<term>Reservoir temperatures</term>
<term>Sampling vents</term>
<term>Seawater</term>
<term>Seawater composition</term>
<term>Seawater contamination</term>
<term>Seawater entrainment</term>
<term>Seawater outlier</term>
<term>Secondary minerals</term>
<term>Sedimentary basins</term>
<term>Shallow processes</term>
<term>Shallow reservoir</term>
<term>Silica</term>
<term>Silica concentration</term>
<term>Simple mass balance equation</term>
<term>Slight decrease</term>
<term>Solute</term>
<term>Steep topography</term>
<term>Submarine hydrothermal activity</term>
<term>Submarine hydrothermal system</term>
<term>Subsurface</term>
<term>Subsurface flow direction</term>
<term>Subsurface processes</term>
<term>Surface water</term>
<term>Surface waters</term>
<term>Thermal areas</term>
<term>Third step</term>
<term>Thomas pichler</term>
<term>Total alkalinity</term>
<term>Trace elements</term>
<term>Tracer</term>
<term>Trivalent state</term>
<term>Tutum</term>
<term>Upper boundary</term>
<term>Vent</term>
<term>Vent fluids</term>
<term>Vent orifice</term>
<term>Vent orifices</term>
<term>Vent portals</term>
<term>Vent samples</term>
<term>Vent sites</term>
<term>Vent waters</term>
<term>Venting</term>
<term>Volcanic</term>
<term>Volcanic rocks</term>
<term>Vulcano island</term>
<term>Waramung</term>
<term>Water depth</term>
<term>Water vapor</term>
<term>West side</term>
<term>White island</term>
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<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Abstract: Submarine, hydrothermal venting occurs at Tutum Bay in shallow (5–10 m) water along the inner shelf that contains a patchy distribution of coral–algal reefs. Two types of venting are observed. (1) Focused discharge of a clear, two-phase fluid from discrete orifices, 10–15 cm in diameter. Discharge temperatures are between 89 and 98°C and estimated flow rates are as high as 300 to 400 l/min. (2) Dispersed or diffuse discharge that consists of streams of gas bubbles ubiquitous in the area. The composition of the gas is mainly CO2 (92.6–97.9%) with minor amounts of N2 (2.2–4.7%), O2 (0.43–0.73%), CH4 (0.6–2%) and He (∼0.01–0.02%). Based on their geographic position and chemical composition, the vents have been divided into two groups, A and B. Area B vents have higher K, Rb, Sb, Cs, Tl, and As and lower Ca, Li, Mn, Fe, and Sr concentrations. Their chemical difference is likely caused by subsurface mixing of a CO2-rich water with a deep reservoir neutral chloride fluid in varying proportions. A two- or possibly three-step process controls fluid evolution and final chemical composition: (1) phase separation in the deep reservoir beneath Ambitle Island produces a high temperature vapor that rises upward and subsequently reacts with cooler ground water to form a low pH, CO2-rich water of approximately 150–160°C. (2) The steep topography causes lateral movement of this CO2-rich fluid towards the margin of the hydrothermal system where it mixes with the marginal upflow from the deep reservoir. This produces a dilute chloride water of approximately 165°C. A third step may be the entrainment of minor amounts of ground or seawater during its final ascent. Based on a B–Rb/Cs mixing model, it has been estimated that approximately 10% of the deep reservoir fluid reaches the surface. Compared to seawater, the hydrothermal fluids are depleted in Cl, Br, SO4, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Sr and enriched in HCO3, B, Si, Li, Mn, Fe, Rb, Cs, Sb, Tl and As. Although some elements are significantly enriched, they do not have a clear impact on ambient seawater composition because their concentration is buffered by mixing and uptake into secondary minerals. Only the surface water in Tutum Bay carries a clear imprint of the hydrothermal fluids.</div>
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<name sortKey="Hall, Gwendy E M" sort="Hall, Gwendy E M" uniqKey="Hall G" first="Gwendy E. M" last="Hall">Gwendy E. M Hall</name>
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<name sortKey="Veizer, Jan" sort="Veizer, Jan" uniqKey="Veizer J" first="Jan" last="Veizer">Jan Veizer</name>
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